събота, септември 09, 2017
Най-страшният ураган
Точно на този ден преди 73 години България бе връхлетяна от урагана на комунизма. Злото си направи резиденция в София и царува 45 години. После си подви опашката и си отиде, но не задълго. Върна се отново и още вилнее по нашите улици.
И най-жестокият ураган идва и отминава. Малко по малко хората възстановяват домовете и поминъка си. Но комунистическият ураган не може така лесно да бъде унищожен, защото той е от духовно, не от материално естество.
Библията казва: "Когато нечистият дух излезе от човека, той минава през безводни места, за да търси покой, и не намира. Тогава казва: Ще се върна в къщата си, откъдето съм излязъл. И като дойде, намира я празна, пометена и подредена. Тогава отива и взема със себе си седем други духа, по-зли от него, и като влязат, живеят там; и последното състояние на онзи човек става по-лошо от първото." (Матей 12:43-45).
Злият дух на комунизма привидно си отиде през 1989 г., за да се завърне на бял кон няколко години по-късно. И не беше сам. Върна се с още няколко "приятели" - страха, подозрителността, лъжата, корупцията, атеизма, тоталитаризма и материализма.
Ирма е страшен ураган, но страшното ще премине. С общи усилия всичко ще бъде възстановено. След 2-3 години Карибите и Флорида ще изглеждат така, все едно нищо не се е случило.
Но ураган, вилнял 45 години в душите на хората, оставя следи за поколения напред. Трудно е да изкорениш нещо, когато си бил изкоренен от него.
Тогава има ли надежда за спасение от урагана на комунизма? Кой може да ни направи отново човеци? Да ни върне любовта към ближния? Да ни даде надежда за по-добър живот?
Ние търсим спасител вече 73 години, който да ни спаси от нашите "освободители." Но проблемът е, че го търсим на неправилното място.
Проблемът е, че всички, не само обладаните от духа на комунизма, сме грешни. "Няма праведен нито един", казва Библията. Има обаче Един, който се роди, живя безгрешен живот, умря и възкръсна. Името му е Господ Исус Христос. И Той ни обещава:
"Истина, истина ви казвам, който слуша Моето учение и вярва в Този, Който Ме е пратил, има вечен живот и няма да дойде на съд, но е преминал от смърт към живот." (Йоан 5:24).
Ако си загубил надежда, че животът ти може да се промени, ако си се отчаял от силата на злото в живота, погледни към Него. Той ще ти даде мир, който досега не си познавал. И нещо повече.
Той ще те научи, че за да се справиш с злото в живота, трябва да смениш оръжието. Материалните оръжия са безсилни пред духовното зло. Водният пистолет е безполезен срещу въоръжен терорист. Нужно ти е оръжие от друго поколение. От друго измерение. Духовно.
И когато го направиш, ще започнеш да печелиш битки - първо малки, а след това и по-големи.
Защото "оръжията, с които воюваме, не са плътски, а са силни пред Бога за събаряне на крепости. Понеже събаряме помисли и всичко, което се издига високо против познанието на Бога, и пленяваме всяка мисъл да се покорява на Христос." (2 Коринтяни 10:4,5)
Как го правим? С молитва за жертвите, но и за палачите. Защото,
ако Христос е умрял за греховете на всички, то Неговата смърт е достатъчна, за да покрие и греховете на тези, които и днес печелят дивиденти от дяволската лъжа, наречена комунизъм.
С помирение. Защото любовта покрива множество грехове.
И най-страшният ураган идва и отминава, и малко по малко животът се възстановява. Ураганът, който мина на този ден точно преди 73 години през България, още вилнее. Но има Един, който е по-силен от този ураган. В Неговото име можем да победим последствията от духа на комунизма.
И от всички негови "приятели."
вторник, юни 11, 2013
Упадъкът на мъжеството - първият признак на края
Address by Alexander Solzhenitsyn at Harvard Class Day Afternoon Exercises, Thursday, June 8, 1978 - see below Bulgarian translation.
at Harvard Class Day Afternoon Exercises,
Thursday, June 8, 1978
I am sincerely happy to be here with you on this occasion and to become personally acquainted with this old and most prestigious University. My congratulations and very best wishes to all of today's graduates.
Harvard's motto is "Veritas." Many of you have already found out and others will find out in the course of their lives that truth eludes us if we do not concentrate with total attention on its pursuit. And even while it eludes us, the illusion still lingers of knowing it and leads to many misunderstandings. Also, truth is seldom pleasant; it is almost invariably bitter. There is some bitterness in my speech today, too. But I want to stress that it comes not from an adversary but from a friend.
Three years ago in the United States I said certain things which at that time appeared unacceptable. Today, however, many people agree with what I then said...
The split in today's world is perceptible even to a hasty glance. Any of our contemporaries readily identifies two world powers, each of them already capable of entirely destroying the other. However, understanding of the split often is limited to this political conception, to the illusion that danger may be abolished through successful diplomatic negotiations or by achieving a balance of armed forces. The truth is that the split is a much profounder and a more alienating one, that the rifts are more than one can see at first glance. This deep manifold split bears the danger of manifold disaster for all of us, in accordance with the ancient truth that a Kingdom -- in this case, our Earth -- divided against itself cannot stand.
There is the concept of the Third World: thus, we already have three worlds. Undoubtedly, however, the number is even greater; we are just too far away to see. Any ancient deeply rooted autonomous culture, especially if it is spread on a wide part of the earth's surface, constitutes an autonomous world, full of riddles and surprises to Western thinking. As a minimum, we must include in this category China, India, the Muslim world and Africa, if indeed we accept the approximation of viewing the latter two as compact units. For one thousand years Russia has belonged to such a category, although Western thinking systematically committed the mistake of denying its autonomous character and therefore never understood it, just as today the West does not understand Russia in communist captivity. It may be that in the past years Japan has increasingly become a distant part of the West, I am no judge here; but as to Israel, for instance, it seems to me that it stands apart from the Western world in that its state system is fundamentally linked to religion.
How short a time ago, relatively, the small new European world was easily seizing colonies everywhere, not only without anticipating any real resistance, but also usually despising any possible values in the conquered peoples' approach to life. On the face of it, it was an overwhelming success, there were no geographic frontiers to it. Western society expanded in a triumph of human independence and power. And all of a sudden in the twentieth century came the discovery of its fragility and friability. We now see that the conquests proved to be short lived and precarious, and this in turn points to defects in the Western view of the world which led to these conquests. Relations with the former colonial world now have turned into their opposite and the Western world often goes to extremes of obsequiousness, but it is difficult yet to estimate the total size of the bill which former colonial countries will present to the West, and it is difficult to predict whether the surrender not only of its last colonies, but of everything it owns will be sufficient for the West to foot the bill.
But the blindness of superiority continues in spite of all and upholds the belief that vast regions everywhere on our planet should develop and mature to the level of present day Western systems which in theory are the best and in practice the most attractive. There is this belief that all those other worlds are only being temporarily prevented by wicked governments or by heavy crises or by their own barbarity or incomprehension from taking the way of Western pluralistic democracy and from adopting the Western way of life. Countries are judged on the merit of their progress in this direction. However, it is a conception which developed out of Western incomprehension of the essence of other worlds, out of the mistake of measuring them all with a Western yardstick. The real picture of our planet's development is quite different.
Anguish about our divided world gave birth to the theory of convergence between leading Western countries and the Soviet Union. It is a soothing theory which overlooks the fact that these worlds are not at all developing into similarity; neither one can be transformed into the other without the use of violence. Besides, convergence inevitably means acceptance of the other side's defects, too, and this is hardly desirable.
If I were today addressing an audience in my country, examining the overall pattern of the world's rifts I would have concentrated on the East's calamities. But since my forced exile in the West has now lasted four years and since my audience is a Western one, I think it may be of greater interest to concentrate on certain aspects of the West in our days, such as I see them.
A decline in courage may be the most striking feature which an outside observer notices in the West in our days. The Western world has lost its civil courage, both as a whole and separately, in each country, each government, each political party and of course in the United Nations. Such a decline in courage is particularly noticeable among the ruling groups and the intellectual elite, causing an impression of loss of courage by the entire society. Of course there are many courageous individuals but they have no determining influence on public life. Political and intellectual bureaucrats show depression, passivity and perplexity in their actions and in their statements and even more so in theoretical reflections to explain how realistic, reasonable as well as intellectually and even morally warranted it is to base state policies on weakness and cowardice. And decline in courage is ironically emphasized by occasional explosions of anger and inflexibility on the part of the same bureaucrats when dealing with weak governments and weak countries, not supported by anyone, or with currents which cannot offer any resistance. But they get tongue-tied and paralyzed when they deal with powerful governments and threatening forces, with aggressors and international terrorists.
Should one point out that from ancient times decline in courage has been considered the beginning of the end?
When the modern Western States were created, the following principle was proclaimed: governments are meant to serve man, and man lives to be free to pursue happiness. (See, for example, the American Declaration). Now at last during past decades technical and social progress has permitted the realization of such aspirations: the welfare state. Every citizen has been granted the desired freedom and material goods in such quantity and of such quality as to guarantee in theory the achievement of happiness, in the morally inferior sense which has come into being during those same decades. In the process, however, one psychological detail has been overlooked: the constant desire to have still more things and a still better life and the struggle to obtain them imprints many Western faces with worry and even depression, though it is customary to conceal such feelings. Active and tense competition permeates all human thoughts without opening a way to free spiritual development. The individual's independence from many types of state pressure has been guaranteed; the majority of people have been granted well-being to an extent their fathers and grandfathers could not even dream about; it has become possible to raise young people according to these ideals, leading them to physical splendor, happiness, possession of material goods, money and leisure, to an almost unlimited freedom of enjoyment. So who should now renounce all this, why and for what should one risk one's precious life in defense of common values, and particularly in such nebulous cases when the security of one's nation must be defended in a distant country?
Even biology knows that habitual extreme safety and well-being are not advantageous for a living organism. Today, well-being in the life of Western society has begun to reveal its pernicious mask.
Western society has given itself the organization best suited to its purposes, based, I would say, on the letter of the law. The limits of human rights and righteousness are determined by a system of laws; such limits are very broad. People in the West have acquired considerable skill in using, interpreting and manipulating law, even though laws tend to be too complicated for an average person to understand without the help of an expert. Any conflict is solved according to the letter of the law and this is considered to be the supreme solution. If one is right from a legal point of view, nothing more is required, nobody may mention that one could still not be entirely right, and urge self-restraint, a willingness to renounce such legal rights, sacrifice and selfless risk: it would sound simply absurd. One almost never sees voluntary self-restraint. Everybody operates at the extreme limit of those legal frames. An oil company is legally blameless when it purchases an invention of a new type of energy in order to prevent its use. A food product manufacturer is legally blameless when he poisons his produce to make it last longer: after all, people are free not to buy it.
I have spent all my life under a communist regime and I will tell you that a society without any objective legal scale is a terrible one indeed. But a society with no other scale but the legal one is not quite worthy of man either. A society which is based on the letter of the law and never reaches any higher is taking very scarce advantage of the high level of human possibilities. The letter of the law is too cold and formal to have a beneficial influence on society. Whenever the tissue of life is woven of legalistic relations, there is an atmosphere of moral mediocrity, paralyzing man's noblest impulses.
And it will be simply impossible to stand through the trials of this threatening century with only the support of a legalistic structure.
In today's Western society, the inequality has been revealed of freedom for good deeds and freedom for evil deeds. A statesman who wants to achieve something important and highly constructive for his country has to move cautiously and even timidly; there are thousands of hasty and irresponsible critics around him, parliament and the press keep rebuffing him. As he moves ahead, he has to prove that every single step of his is well-founded and absolutely flawless. Actually an outstanding and particularly gifted person who has unusual and unexpected initiatives in mind hardly gets a chance to assert himself; from the very beginning, dozens of traps will be set out for him. Thus mediocrity triumphs with the excuse of restrictions imposed by democracy.
It is feasible and easy everywhere to undermine administrative power and, in fact, it has been drastically weakened in all Western countries. The defense of individual rights has reached such extremes as to make society as a whole defenseless against certain individuals. It is time, in the West, to defend not so much human rights as human obligations.
Destructive and irresponsible freedom has been granted boundless space. Society appears to have little defense against the abyss of human decadence, such as, for example, misuse of liberty for moral violence against young people, motion pictures full of pornography, crime and horror. It is considered to be part of freedom and theoretically counter-balanced by the young people's right not to look or not to accept. Life organized legalistically has thus shown its inability to defend itself against the corrosion of evil.
And what shall we say about the dark realm of criminality as such? Legal frames (especially in the United States) are broad enough to encourage not only individual freedom but also certain individual crimes. The culprit can go unpunished or obtain undeserved leniency with the support of thousands of public defenders. When a government starts an earnest fight against terrorism, public opinion immediately accuses it of violating the terrorists' civil rights. There are many such cases.
Such a tilt of freedom in the direction of evil has come about gradually but it was evidently born primarily out of a humanistic and benevolent concept according to which there is no evil inherent to human nature; the world belongs to mankind and all the defects of life are caused by wrong social systems which must be corrected. Strangely enough, though the best social conditions have been achieved in the West, there still is criminality and there even is considerably more of it than in the pauper and lawless Soviet society. (There is a huge number of prisoners in our camps which are termed criminals, but most of them never committed any crime; they merely tried to defend themselves against a lawless state resorting to means outside of a legal framework).
The press too, of course, enjoys the widest freedom. (I shall be using the word press to include all media). But what sort of use does it make of this freedom?
Here again, the main concern is not to infringe the letter of the law. There is no moral responsibility for deformation or disproportion. What sort of responsibility does a journalist have to his readers, or to history? If they have misled public opinion or the government by inaccurate information or wrong conclusions, do we know of any cases of public recognition and rectification of such mistakes by the same journalist or the same newspaper? No, it does not happen, because it would damage sales. A nation may be the victim of such a mistake, but the journalist always gets away with it. One may safely assume that he will start writing the opposite with renewed self-assurance.
Because instant and credible information has to be given, it becomes necessary to resort to guesswork, rumors and suppositions to fill in the voids, and none of them will ever be rectified, they will stay on in the readers' memory. How many hasty, immature, superficial and misleading judgments are expressed every day, confusing readers, without any verification. The press can both simulate public opinion and miseducate it. Thus we may see terrorists heroized, or secret matters, pertaining to one's nation's defense, publicly revealed, or we may witness shameless intrusion on the privacy of well-known people under the slogan: "everyone is entitled to know everything." But this is a false slogan, characteristic of a false era: people also have the right not to know, and it is a much more valuable one. The right not to have their divine souls stuffed with gossip, nonsense, vain talk. A person who works and leads a meaningful life does not need this excessive burdening flow of information.
Hastiness and superficiality are the psychic disease of the 20th century and more than anywhere else this disease is reflected in the press. In-depth analysis of a problem is anathema to the press. It stops at sensational formulas.
Such as it is, however, the press has become the greatest power within the Western countries, more powerful than the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. One would then like to ask: by what law has it been elected and to whom is it responsible? In the communist East a journalist is frankly appointed as a state official. But who has granted Western journalists their power, for how long a time and with what prerogatives?
There is yet another surprise for someone coming from the East where the press is rigorously unified: one gradually discovers a common trend of preferences within the Western press as a whole. It is a fashion; there are generally accepted patterns of judgment and there may be common corporate interests, the sum effect being not competition but unification. Enormous freedom exists for the press, but not for the readership because newspapers mostly give enough stress and emphasis to those opinions which do not too openly contradict their own and the general trend.
Without any censorship, in the West fashionable trends of thought and ideas are carefully separated from those which are not fashionable; nothing is forbidden, but what is not fashionable will hardly ever find its way into periodicals or books or be heard in colleges. Legally your researchers are free, but they are conditioned by the fashion of the day. There is no open violence such as in the East; however, a selection dictated by fashion and the need to match mass standards frequently prevent independent-minded people from giving their contribution to public life. There is a dangerous tendency to form a herd, shutting off successful development. I have received letters in America from highly intelligent persons, maybe a teacher in a faraway small college who could do much for the renewal and salvation of his country, but his country cannot hear him because the media are not interested in him. This gives birth to strong mass prejudices, blindness, which is most dangerous in our dynamic era. There is, for instance, a self-deluding interpretation of the contemporary world situation. It works as a sort of petrified armor around people's minds. Human voices from 17 countries of Eastern Europe and Eastern Asia cannot pierce it. It will only be broken by the pitiless crowbar of events.
I have mentioned a few trends of Western life which surprise and shock a new arrival to this world. The purpose and scope of this speech will not allow me to continue such a review, to look into the influence of these Western characteristics on important aspects on [the] nation's life, such as elementary education, advanced education in [?...]
It is almost universally recognized that the West shows all the world a way to successful economic development, even though in the past years it has been strongly disturbed by chaotic inflation. However, many people living in the West are dissatisfied with their own society. They despise it or accuse it of not being up to the level of maturity attained by mankind. A number of such critics turn to socialism, which is a false and dangerous current.
I hope that no one present will suspect me of offering my personal criticism of the Western system to present socialism as an alternative. Having experienced applied socialism in a country where the alternative has been realized, I certainly will not speak for it. The well-known Soviet mathematician Shafarevich, a member of the Soviet Academy of Science, has written a brilliant book under the title Socialism; it is a profound analysis showing that socialism of any type and shade leads to a total destruction of the human spirit and to a leveling of mankind into death. Shafarevich's book was published in France almost two years ago and so far no one has been found to refute it. It will shortly be published in English in the United States.
But should someone ask me whether I would indicate the West such as it is today as a model to my country, frankly I would have to answer negatively. No, I could not recommend your society in its present state as an ideal for the transformation of ours. Through intense suffering our country has now achieved a spiritual development of such intensity that the Western system in its present state of spiritual exhaustion does not look attractive. Even those characteristics of your life which I have just mentioned are extremely saddening.
A fact which cannot be disputed is the weakening of human beings in the West while in the East they are becoming firmer and stronger. Six decades for our people and three decades for the people of Eastern Europe; during that time we have been through a spiritual training far in advance of Western experience. Life's complexity and mortal weight have produced stronger, deeper and more interesting characters than those produced by standardized Western well-being. Therefore if our society were to be transformed into yours, it would mean an improvement in certain aspects, but also a change for the worse on some particularly significant scores. It is true, no doubt, that a society cannot remain in an abyss of lawlessness, as is the case in our country. But it is also demeaning for it to elect such mechanical legalistic smoothness as you have. After the suffering of decades of violence and oppression, the human soul longs for things higher, warmer and purer than those offered by today's mass living habits, introduced by the revolting invasion of publicity, by TV stupor and by intolerable music.
All this is visible to observers from all the worlds of our planet. The Western way of life is less and less likely to become the leading model.
There are meaningful warnings that history gives a threatened or perishing society. Such are, for instance, the decadence of art, or a lack of great statesmen. There are open and evident warnings, too. The center of your democracy and of your culture is left without electric power for a few hours only, and all of a sudden crowds of American citizens start looting and creating havoc. The smooth surface film must be very thin, then, the social system quite unstable and unhealthy.
But the fight for our planet, physical and spiritual, a fight of cosmic proportions, is not a vague matter of the future; it has already started. The forces of Evil have begun their decisive offensive, you can feel their pressure, and yet your screens and publications are full of prescribed smiles and raised glasses. What is the joy about?
Very well known representatives of your society, such as George Kennan, say: we cannot apply moral criteria to politics. Thus we mix good and evil, right and wrong and make space for the absolute triumph of absolute Evil in the world. On the contrary, only moral criteria can help the West against communism's well planned world strategy. There are no other criteria. Practical or occasional considerations of any kind will inevitably be swept away by strategy. After a certain level of the problem has been reached, legalistic thinking induces paralysis; it prevents one from seeing the size and meaning of events.
In spite of the abundance of information, or maybe because of it, the West has difficulties in understanding reality such as it is. There have been naive predictions by some American experts who believed that Angola would become the Soviet Union's Vietnam or that Cuban expeditions in Africa would best be stopped by special U.S. courtesy to Cuba. Kennan's advice to his own country -- to begin unilateral disarmament -- belongs to the same category. If you only knew how the youngest of the Moscow Old Square [1] officials laugh at your political wizards! As to Fidel Castro, he frankly scorns the United States, sending his troops to distant adventures from his country right next to yours.
However, the most cruel mistake occurred with the failure to understand the Vietnam war. Some people sincerely wanted all wars to stop just as soon as possible; others believed that there should be room for national, or communist, self-determination in Vietnam, or in Cambodia, as we see today with particular clarity. But members of the U.S. anti-war movement wound up being involved in the betrayal of Far Eastern nations, in a genocide and in the suffering today imposed on 30 million people there. Do those convinced pacifists hear the moans coming from there? Do they understand their responsibility today? Or do they prefer not to hear? The American Intelligentsia lost its [nerve] and as a consequence thereof danger has come much closer to the United States. But there is no awareness of this. Your shortsighted politicians who signed the hasty Vietnam capitulation seemingly gave America a carefree breathing pause; however, a hundredfold Vietnam now looms over you. That small Vietnam had been a warning and an occasion to mobilize the nation's courage. But if a full-fledged America suffered a real defeat from a small communist half-country, how can the West hope to stand firm in the future?
I have had occasion already to say that in the 20th century democracy has not won any major war without help and protection from a powerful continental ally whose philosophy and ideology it did not question. In World War II against Hitler, instead of winning that war with its own forces, which would certainly have been sufficient, Western democracy grew and cultivated another enemy who would prove worse and more powerful yet, as Hitler never had so many resources and so many people, nor did he offer any attractive ideas, or have such a large number of supporters in the West -- a potential fifth column -- as the Soviet Union. At present, some Western voices already have spoken of obtaining protection from a third power against aggression in the next world conflict, if there is one; in this case the shield would be China. But I would not wish such an outcome to any country in the world. First of all, it is again a doomed alliance with Evil; also, it would grant the United States a respite, but when at a later date China with its billion people would turn around armed with American weapons, America itself would fall prey to a genocide similar to the one perpetrated in Cambodia in our days.
And yet -- no weapons, no matter how powerful, can help the West until it overcomes its loss of willpower. In a state of psychological weakness, weapons become a burden for the capitulating side. To defend oneself, one must also be ready to die; there is little such readiness in a society raised in the cult of material well-being. Nothing is left, then, but concessions, attempts to gain time and betrayal. Thus at the shameful Belgrade conference free Western diplomats in their weakness surrendered the line where enslaved members of Helsinki Watchgroups are sacrificing their lives.
Western thinking has become conservative: the world situation should stay as it is at any cost, there should be no changes. This debilitating dream of a status quo is the symptom of a society which has come to the end of its development. But one must be blind in order not to see that oceans no longer belong to the West, while land under its domination keeps shrinking. The two so-called world wars (they were by far not on a world scale, not yet) have meant internal self-destruction of the small, progressive West which has thus prepared its own end. The next war (which does not have to be an atomic one and I do not believe it will) may well bury Western civilization forever.
Facing such a danger, with such historical values in your past, at such a high level of realization of freedom and apparently of devotion to freedom, how is it possible to lose to such an extent the will to defend oneself?
How has this unfavorable relation of forces come about? How did the West decline from its triumphal march to its present sickness? Have there been fatal turns and losses of direction in its development? It does not seem so. The West kept advancing socially in accordance with its proclaimed intentions, with the help of brilliant technological progress. And all of a sudden it found itself in its present state of weakness.
This means that the mistake must be at the root, at the very basis of human thinking in the past centuries. I refer to the prevailing Western view of the world which was first born during the Renaissance and found its political expression from the period of the Enlightenment. It became the basis for government and social science and could be defined as rationalistic humanism or humanistic autonomy: the proclaimed and enforced autonomy of man from any higher force above him. It could also be called anthropocentricity, with man seen as the center of everything that exists.
The turn introduced by the Renaissance evidently was inevitable historically. The Middle Ages had come to a natural end by exhaustion, becoming an intolerable despotic repression of man's physical nature in favor of the spiritual one. Then, however, we turned our backs upon the Spirit and embraced all that is material with excessive and unwarranted zeal. This new way of thinking, which had imposed on us its guidance, did not admit the existence of intrinsic evil in man nor did it see any higher task than the attainment of happiness on earth. It based modern Western civilization on the dangerous trend to worship man and his material needs. Everything beyond physical well-being and accumulation of material goods, all other human requirements and characteristics of a subtler and higher nature, were left outside the area of attention of state and social systems, as if human life did not have any superior sense. That provided access for evil, of which in our days there is a free and constant flow. Merely freedom does not in the least solve all the problems of human life and it even adds a number of new ones.
However, in early democracies, as in American democracy at the time of its birth, all individual human rights were granted because man is God's creature. That is, freedom was given to the individual conditionally, in the assumption of his constant religious responsibility. Such was the heritage of the preceding thousand years. Two hundred or even fifty years ago, it would have seemed quite impossible, in America, that an individual could be granted boundless freedom simply for the satisfaction of his instincts or whims. Subsequently, however, all such limitations were discarded everywhere in the West; a total liberation occurred from the moral heritage of Christian centuries with their great reserves of mercy and sacrifice. State systems were becoming increasingly and totally materialistic. The West ended up by truly enforcing human rights, sometimes even excessively, but man's sense of responsibility to God and society grew dimmer and dimmer. In the past decades, the legalistically selfish aspect of Western approach and thinking has reached its final dimension and the world wound up in a harsh spiritual crisis and a political impasse. All the glorified technological achievements of Progress, including the conquest of outer space, do not redeem the Twentieth century's moral poverty which no one could imagine even as late as in the Nineteenth Century.
As humanism in its development became more and more materialistic, it made itself increasingly accessible to speculation and manipulation at first by socialism and then by communism. So that Karl Marx was able to say in 1844 that "communism is naturalized humanism."
This statement turned out not to be entirely senseless. One does see the same stones in the foundations of a despiritualized humanism and of any type of socialism: endless materialism; freedom from religion and religious responsibility, which under communist regimes reach the stage of anti-religious dictatorship; concentration on social structures with a seemingly scientific approach. (This is typical of the Enlightenment in the Eighteenth Century and of Marxism). Not by coincidence all of communism's meaningless pledges and oaths are about Man, with a capital M, and his earthly happiness. At first glance it seems an ugly parallel: common traits in the thinking and way of life of today's West and today's East? But such is the logic of materialistic development.
The interrelationship is such, too, that the current of materialism which is most to the left always ends up by being stronger, more attractive and victorious, because it is more consistent. Humanism without its Christian heritage cannot resist such competition. We watch this process in the past centuries and especially in the past decades, on a world scale as the situation becomes increasingly dramatic. Liberalism was inevitably displaced by radicalism, radicalism had to surrender to socialism and socialism could never resist communism. The communist regime in the East could stand and grow due to the enthusiastic support from an enormous number of Western intellectuals who felt a kinship and refused to see communism's crimes. When they no longer could do so, they tried to justify them. In our Eastern countries, communism has suffered a complete ideological defeat; it is zero and less than zero. But Western intellectuals still look at it with interest and with empathy, and this is precisely what makes it so immensely difficult for the West to withstand the East.
I am not examining here the case of a world war disaster and the changes which it would produce in society. As long as we wake up every morning under a peaceful sun, we have to lead an everyday life. There is a disaster, however, which has already been under way for quite some time. I am referring to the calamity of a despiritualized and irreligious humanistic consciousness.
To such consciousness, man is the touchstone in judging and evaluating everything on earth. Imperfect man, who is never free of pride, self-interest, envy, vanity, and dozens of other defects. We are now experiencing the consequences of mistakes which had not been noticed at the beginning of the journey. On the way from the Renaissance to our days we have enriched our experience, but we have lost the concept of a Supreme Complete Entity which used to restrain our passions and our irresponsibility. We have placed too much hope in political and social reforms, only to find out that we were being deprived of our most precious possession: our spiritual life. In the East, it is destroyed by the dealings and machinations of the ruling party. In the West, commercial interests tend to suffocate it. This is the real crisis. The split in the world is less terrible than the similarity of the disease plaguing its main sections.
If humanism were right in declaring that man is born to be happy, he would not be born to die. Since his body is doomed to die, his task on earth evidently must be of a more spiritual nature. It cannot unrestrained enjoyment of everyday life. It cannot be the search for the best ways to obtain material goods and then cheerfully get the most out of them. It has to be the fulfillment of a permanent, earnest duty so that one's life journey may become an experience of moral growth, so that one may leave life a better human being than one started it. It is imperative to review the table of widespread human values. Its present incorrectness is astounding. It is not possible that assessment of the President's performance be reduced to the question of how much money one makes or of unlimited availability of gasoline. Only voluntary, inspired self-restraint can raise man above the world stream of materialism.
It would be retrogression to attach oneself today to the ossified formulas of the Enlightenment. Social dogmatism leaves us completely helpless in front of the trials of our times.
Even if we are spared destruction by war, our lives will have to change if we want to save life from self-destruction. We cannot avoid revising the fundamental definitions of human life and human society. Is it true that man is above everything? Is there no Superior Spirit above him? Is it right that man's life and society's activities have to be determined by material expansion in the first place? Is it permissible to promote such expansion to the detriment of our spiritual integrity?
If the world has not come to its end, it has approached a major turn in history, equal in importance to the turn from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. It will exact from us a spiritual upsurge, we shall have to rise to a new height of vision, to a new level of life where our physical nature will not be cursed as in the Middle Ages, but, even more importantly, our spiritual being will not be trampled upon as in the Modern era.
This ascension will be similar to climbing onto the next anthropologic stage. No one on earth has any other way left but -- upward.
Notes
[1] The Old Square in Moscow (Staraya Ploshchad') is the place where the [headquarters] of the Central Committee of the CPSU are located; it is the real name of what in the West is conventionally referred to as "the Kremlin."Source: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/solzhenitsyn/harvard1978.html
петък, юли 01, 2011
ЕДИНСТВЕНИЯТ ВРАГ НА РУСИЯ са руснаците
Ние, чужденците в Русия, имаме своите предимства може да виждаме малко по-различно нещата, които се случват в нея, но пък забелязваме онова, което самите руснаци не виждат. Аз изучавам Русия от 1946 година и през цялото време съм наблюдавал развитието на комунистическия режим като историк. И не вярвам на теорията на Солженицин, който смята, че съветската история е започнала през 1917 година. Между царския и съветския режим има много общи неща. Русия е консервативна страна и някои неща в нея се променят много бързо, други никога. Надявам се, че моите критични бележки ще бъдат възприети не като атака, а като полезна критика, която може да бъде използвана.
Най-лошото и най-опасното в Русия е постоянното акцентиране на факта, че е велика държава. Произтичащите от това действия я отвличат от истински сериозните проблеми, които тя трябва да решава сега. Идеята за великодържавност я тласка към конфронтация със страните, с които є е необходимо да си сътрудничи, и то преди всичко със западните страни.
Разбира се, чувството за великодържавност се основава на редица фактори, сред които и огромната територия, и особеното геополитическо положение, и не на последно място военната мощ. Нито един от тия фактори обаче в действителност не прави от страната велика държава. Огромната територия, особено в съвременните условия, няма кой знае какво значение. По-голямата част от руската територия не е населена и няма никаква възможност да бъде заселена. Днес най-богатите страни са малките като Швейцария, Холандия. Великата държава това е страна, чието население е в състояние да използва ресурсите и знанията си за благото на обществото. Когато преди 50-те години беше създаден Израел, арабите сметнаха, че могат да го унищожат, защото разполагат с много по-голяма територия и население. Но Израел се оказа страна със силен етнически характер, привързаност към ционизма и развитието на науката и побеждаваше арабските армии. В Русия военната мощ се градеше на бедна икономическа основа. Тя струваше твърде скъпо на обществото; заради нея Русия пожертва онова, което е действително ценно и важно икономическата и културната инфраструктура. За военни цели се харчеха парите, които трябваше да се изразходват за образование, здравеопазване и т. н. По времето на Петър Велики до 90 % от националния бюджет на Русия е отивал за поддържане на армията. В Съветския съюз в края на съветския период 2530 % от бюджета отиваха за военни нужди. Режимът не издържа такава огромна тежест и рухна.
Русия традиционно е отделяла огромно внимание на своята мощ, особено след като се сдоби с ядрено оръжие, с помощта на което можеше да тероризира целия свят. Днес практически е невъзможно руското ядрено оръжие да се използва в бой, така че тази военна мощ вече не значи почти нищо. Почти нищо днес не значи и числеността на армията є. Русия успя да спечели Втората световна война, защото пожертва хората си, без дори да се замисли. Колко души загуби тя във войната с Германия това е нещо нечовешко! Но на руското правителство му беше все едно.
Всъщност Русия днес не е голяма държава. Съществуват факти, които илюстрират това. Според някои изчисления брутният национален продукт на Русия през 1999 година представлява някъде около 100 милиарда долара. Възможно е това да е недооценка. Но дори тази цифра да е 200 или 250 милиарда, тя пак е твърде малка. За сравнение капитализацията на една от най-големите корпорации на САЩ ОРМА е 226 милиарда. Оборотът на Московската фондова борса преди падането на акциите през август беше 105 милиона долара. Това е съпоставимо с триминутния оборот на Нюйоркската борса, което е ужасяващо странно за която и да е страна. При такава бедност Русия не може да бъде велика държава, тя само може да си придава вид на такава. Русия значително зависи от чуждестранните инвестиции и заеми. А след пресрочването на платежите през 1998 година чуждестранният капитал няма скоро да дойде тук. На Запад смятат, че Русия действително е много бедна страна, неподходяща за инвестиции, със слаба финансова система.
Русия може да си завоюва статуса на велика държава само след като приведе в ред собствения си дом и се откаже от имперските си амбиции. Макар духът на Петър Първи все още да витае в нея, тя вече не е империя.
Руската империя притежава уникални черти и се отличава от великите империи на Запада. Когато през шестнайсети век започна Западната имперска експанзия, когато беше открит Новият свят, когато към Индийски океан се насочиха експедиции, в европейските страни вече се беше оформило разбирането за техния национален интерес. Британия вече беше Британия, Холандия Холандия, Португалия Португалия… Колониите бяха отделени от метрополиите с океани. По географски причини обаче в Русия развитието на империята и развитието на националната държава се осъществяваха по друг начин. След като Иван IV завоюва Казан, Астрахан и т. н., започва да се гради многонационална държава, при която руските колонии граничат с Русия. За разлика от Запада, където е съществувало разбирането какво е метрополия и какво колония, в Русия такова разбиране няма. Метрополията и колониите били нещо смесено. Тук е мястото да отбележим, че през 50-те и 60-те години в Русия можеха да се чуят гласове, според които тя изобщо не била империя, а руснаците живеели на своята историческа територия, населена с различни националности. Тази нагласа у тях съществува и днес.
И още за руския национализъм. Разбира се, там, където настъпва демокрацията, възниква разговор за националното самосъзнание, за националната държава. Но национализмът има два варианта: той може да бъде ексклузивен и инклузивен. Ексклузивен означава, че ние, членовете на тази етническа група, изключваме всички останали от своя кръг и ги гледаме отвисоко. Това е такъв вид национализъм, който води до ксенофобия, шовинизъм. А включващият, инклузивният национализъм (той може да бъде назован още патриотизъм) представлява гордостта от своята общност, от съзнанието, че работите за нейно благо. Мисля, че руският национализъм е главно ексклузивен, национализъм, който изключва всичко чуждо и води до ксенофобия. С примери от тоя род в Русия човек постоянно се сблъсква и те продължават да са вследствие на сталинския режим, когато руската национална гордост се трансформираше в ксенофобия, без хората да си дават сметка, че това не е патриотизъм. И аз не знам как може да се справим с подобен проблем, освен обединявайки усилията на интелигенцията и интелектуалците. Защото така наречената руска гордост се крепи на омразата към другите. Трябва да се откажем от това наследство на комунизма, да отсечем дълбоките му корени. Погледнете, който и да дойде на власт в Русия остават все същите символи от времето на царизма: двуглав орел, знаме… Много градове и улици са преименувани, но много носят старите названия “Ленински проспект”, “Октомврийски площад” със съответния паметник и т. н. Петербург бе преименуван, но Ленинградска област си остана. Докато не се премахнат символите на стария режим, хората няма да имат ясни представи и няма да постигнат нищо положително.
Комунизмът беше разрушителен период; вековете, през които се е създавало гражданското общество, бяха, така да се каже, отменени. Всички обществени връзки се движеха по вертикалата. Всъщност това обяснява защо се разпадна самата комунистическа партия… По същия начин, когато през 1917 година царят се отрече от престола, страната се разпадна. Това е невъзможно за една демократична държава, където съществуват здрави хоризонтални връзки и смяната на определено правителство не води до разпадане на страната, нито се налага да се започва отначало.
На мен ми се струва, че най-важна за Русия е задачата да се изгради здрава съдебна система. Днес в Русия не функционира нормална съдебна система. Ако някой вземе пари от някого на заем и подпише съответния документ, но не си изплаща дълговете си, вие не можете да се обърнете към съда, както го правят даже в азиатските страни, а се обръщате към мафиотските структури. Правителството също действа не по закона. Инвестициите не се охраняват.
Създава се климат, в който не може да има социално единство. Доверието между гражданите и правителството е нищожно, ниско е също така и нивото на доверие между самите граждани. На практика се оказва, че всеки е сам за себе си. А едновременно с това се очаква правителството да защитава интересите на народа нещо, което днес в Русия не може да се случи!
Днес в Русия не само че няма никакъв консенсус сред действащите политици, ами и съгласие дори относно благото и бъдещето є не съществува. Огромното количество партии и унии обслужват главно егоистичните стремежи на своите лидери. Такива партии не са конкуренти, а врагове един за друг. На Запад партиите се конкурират, те не са врагове.
Разбирам, че не винаги е приятно да чуеш такива неща от чужденец. Но аз имам предвид не миналото и не днешния ден, а бъдещето. А за него бъдещето твърде малко, уви, се грижат днес в Русия, където всеки, както и преди, обича да критикува другите.
Помня как се потресох, като прочетох, че според две трети от руснаците САЩ оказвали икономическа помощ на Русия, за да я погубят. Тази идея няма нищо общо с истината. САЩ, както и всяка страна, преследва своите интереси. Но има огромна разлика между дългосрочни и краткосрочни интереси. Под влияние на своя исторически опит Русия все още продължава да мисли в петилетки, на кратки периоди. Докато ние в много по-далечна перспектива. Когато свърши Втората световна война, ние според плана “Маршал” започнахме да помагаме на Европа. И създадохме в нея свои конкуренти. Европа днес е нашият главен конкурент. Така че нито искаме да унищожим Русия, нито да я експлоатираме. Напротив, нека и тя в резултат от нашата помощ да ни стане конкурент. За съжаление обаче тя все още е в плен на илюзиите за велика държава. Единственият враг на Русия са самите руснаци. Надявам се да го разберат и поемат в посоката към утрешния разцвет на страната си, без да упрекват другите, че нищо не са направили за тях. И пред бутилката водка да предпочитат разумните действия...
Превод:Росица Цветанова
Материалът е отпечатан в списание “Пламък”
събота, август 28, 2010
I Have a Dream - Address at March on Washington
Today is 28 August. On this day in 1963 Martin Luther King pronounced his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. I looked for а Bulgarian translation of it on internet but didn't find any. So I translated its second part. Here it is. The full speech in English comes right after the Bulgarian text.
„Имам мечта”
Мартин Лутер Кинг
28 август 1963 г., Вашингтон
(втора част)
…
Имам мечта – че един ден тази нация ще се издигне и ще претвори в дело истинското значение на кредото: „Ние считаме тези истини за очевидни – че всички хора са създадени равни.”
Имам мечта, че един ден по червените хълмове на Джорджия синовете на предишните роби и синовете на предишните робовладелци ще могат да седнат заедно на масата на братството.
Имам мечта, че един ден дори щата Мисури – пустинен щат, който се поти под изгаряща несправедливост и потисничество ще бъде преобразен в оазис на свободата и справедливостта.
Имам мечта, че четирите ми деца един ден ще живеят в нация, където за тях ще съдят не по цвета на кожата им, а по съдържанието на техния характер.
Имам мечта днес.
Имам мечта, че един ден щата Алабама, чийто губернатор понастоящем бълва думи на вмешателство и унищожение, ще бъде преобразен в място, където малки черни момчета и черни момичета ще могат да хванат за ръце малки бели момчета и бели момичета и ще вървят заедно като сестри и братя.
Имам мечта днес.
Имам мечта, че всяка долина ще се издигне и всяка планина и хълм ще се сниши; кривите места ще станат прави и неравните места – поле; и славата Господня ще се яви и всички твари заедно ще я видят (Исая 40:4,5).
Това е нашата надежда. Това е вярата, с която се връщам към Юга. С тази вяра ще можем да отсечем от планината на отчаянието камък на надеждата. С тази вяра ще можем да преобразим разнобойните акорди на нацията ни в прекрасна симфония на братството. С тази вяра ще можем да работим заедно, да се молим заедно, да се борим заедно, да отиваме в затвора заедно, да се застъпваме за свободата заедно, знаейки, че един ден ще бъдем свободни.
Това ще е денят, когато всички Божии деца ще могат да пеят с ново значение рефрена: „Моя страна, за теб, сладка земя на свободата, за теб пея аз. Земя, където моите бащи са умирали, земя на гордостта на поклонници, нека свободата отеква от всеки планински хребет”.
И ако Америка иска да бъде велика нация, това трябва да стане реалност. Затова, нека свободата отеква от блудните склонове на Ню Хемпшър. Нека свободата отеква от величествените планини на Ню Йорк. Нека свободата отеква от снажните Алегени на Пенсилвания!
Нека свободата отеква от заснежените върхове на Роки маунтийн в Колорада!
Нека свободата отеква от извиващите се склонове на Калифорния!
Но не само това; нека свободата отеква от Стоун маунтийн на Джорджия!
Нека свободата отеква от планините на Тенеси!
Нека свободата отеква от всеки хълм и всяка къртичина на Мисисипи. Нека свободата отеква от всяка планина.
Когато оставим свободата да отеква, когато я оставим да отеква от всяко село и паланка, от всеки щат и всеки град, ние ще ускорим настъпването на онзи ден, когато всички Божии деца - черни мъже и бели мъже, евреи и езичници, протестанти и католици, ще могат да се хванат за ръце и да пеят с думите на стария негърски спиричуъл: „Свободни най-накрая! Благодарим ти, Боже всемогъщи, най-накрая ние сме свободни!”
Original English text:
I Have a Dream - Address at March on Washington
August 28, 1963. Washington, D.C.
I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. [Applause]
Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity.
But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition.
In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked "insufficient funds." But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. So we have come to cash this check -- a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's children. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.
It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.
But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.
We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone.
And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.
I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.
Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.
I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
I have a dream today.
I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers.
I have a dream today.
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.
This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the South. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.
This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring."
And if America is to be a great nation this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania!
Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado!
Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California!
But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!
Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee!
Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.
When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"